hand

Anatomical Approach to Biopsy

Region specific approaches

 

Theory

- want to traverse one muscle / one compartment

- keep away from NV bundle

- as a rule perform open biopsy through compartment the tumour is in

- this is the compartment that will require surgical removal in wide excision

- direct approach without going through muscle if possible i.e. tibia, distal ulna

 

Lower Limb

 

Thigh

 

Management Summary

Rheumatoid Hands Xray

 

Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnostic Criteria

 

1987 American College of Rheumatology 

 

Need 4/7 (MAX RANS)

1. Morning Stiffness

2. Arthritis of 3 areas > 6/52

3. Xray changes

4. Rh factor

5. Arthritis of Hand > 6/52

6. Nodules

7. Symmetric Arthritis > 6/52

Inflammatory Arthritis

Conditions

 

Acro-osteolysis

SLE

Scleroderma

Psoriasis

 

Acro-osteolysis

 

Definition

 

Absorption of distal tuft of phalanx

 

DDx

 

Psoriasis

Scleroderma / Raynauds

Frost Bite

Hyperparathyroidism

Diabetes

Vasculitis

Leprosy

RA rarely

Gout

 

Hemiplegia

Problems

 

1.  Lower limb

 

All walk

- Ankle > knee > hip

 

Ankle

- most require operations for ankles

 

LLD

- unilateral underdevelopment

- LLD 0-5cm (average 2cm)

 

2.  Lower limb

- one handedness

- decrease movement in swing

- astereogenesis

- usual upper limb contractures

 

RA Hand Exam

Screening of Joints

 

Neck

-  ROM

 

Shoulder

- behind head / to mouth

- to back pocket 

 

Elbows

- flex / extend elbows 

- pronation / supination with thumb up & elbows by side

 

Wrist

- flexion / extension

 

Hand

- make fist with thumb in and out 

Compartment Syndrome

Definition

 

Circulation of tissues within a closed osteofascial space are compromised by increased pressure within that space

 

Most common 

- anterior leg compartment

- flexor compartment forearm

- deep posterior leg compartment

 

Aetiology

 

Prerequisite is volume restricting envelope 

- fascia & skin

- POP

- dressings

 

1.  Increased contents

 

Bleeding / edema 

- fracture