Trauma
- growth arrest line
Infection
Tumor
- leukemia
- neuroblastoma
Metabolic
- rickets (calcifiable matrix is formed, but matrix doesn’t calcify due to lack of available mineral)
- scurvy (metaphyseal disarray / calcified cartilage persists into metaphysis / very little osteoid)
Drugs & toxins
- lead
- pamidronate
Dysplasia
- achondroplasia
- OI (2o spongiosa abnormal development)