Atlanto-axial Rotatory Instability
Definition
Acute dislocation of the atlanto-axial facet joint
Present with acute torticollis
Etiology
Children
syndrome
Fat Pad Syndrome
Definition
Hoffa's syndrome
- impingement of the fat pad with knee ROM
Epidemiology
Rare
Diagnosis of exclusion
Theory
May be more prevalent in patients with intact ligamentum mucosum
Diagnosis
Hoffa's sign
- apply pressure to fat pad each side of patella tendon with knee in flexion
- extend knee
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Definition
Symptoms & signs due to compression of brachial plexus & /or subclavian vessels at root of neck
Epidemiology
80% 30-50 years
F:M = 2:1
Incidence
Uncommon
Anatomy
Thoracic Outlet forms communication at root of neck
- for passage of nerves and vessels from mediastinum to axilla
Down's Syndrome
Epidemiology
Trisomy 21
1 in 800
Aetiology
Advanced maternal age
- 1/ 50 mothers > 45
- however mothers < 30 still most common
Genetics
- 95% non disjunction during meiosis
- 4% are result of translocation (Chr 21 joins to Chr 14)
- 1% are mosaics